The reasons and details of the debate between Bohr and Einstein
玻尔与爱因斯坦间的论战缘由与细节

摘要

20世纪20年代，旧的量子论通过海森堡，薛定谔，狄拉克等人的努力变成了新的量子力学，旧量子论的诸多假设均可以从新的量子力学中直接导出来。但对量子力学的物理意义的阐释却在物理学家之间产生了较大分歧。其中最为著名的就是玻尔与爱因斯坦之间的三次世纪大论战。其中1927年比利时布鲁塞尔的第五届索尔维会议，是玻尔与爱因斯坦间的第一次大论战，标志着“玻爱论战”的公开化；接下来最为戏剧性的第二次大论战发生在三年后的1930年第六届索尔维会议期间；而1935年的第三次大论战中的EPR理论所涉及的“叠加态”和“纠缠态”则成为量子理论新发展的生长点，并由此直接引导了量子力学后几十年的巨大发展。文中主要描述了这三次大论战的情景，包括论战的背景和具体的对话内容，这也为后世的学术争论提供了范例。

Abstract

In the 1920s, the old quantum theory became a new quantum mechanics through the efforts of Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Dirac and others. Many assumptions of the old quantum theory can be directly derived from the new quantum mechanics. However, the interpretation of the physical meaning of quantum mechanics has produced great differences among physicists. One of the most famous is the three great debates between Bohr and Einstein. Among them, the fifth solvay conference in Brussels, Belgium in 1927 was the first big debate between Bohr and Einstein, which marked the openness of the "Bolivia-love debate"; The most dramatic second great debate took place three years later during the Sixth Solvay Conference in 1930. However, the "superposition state" and "entangled state" involved in the EPR theory in the third great debate in 1935 became the growing point of the new development of quantum theory, which directly led to the great development of quantum mechanics in the next few decades. This paper mainly describes the scenes of these three great debates, including the background of the debates and the specific contents of the dialogue, which also provides an example for future academic debates.