摘要
在现代医学高度专业化的背景下，以“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”为特征的还原论思维逐渐暴露出对慢性病、心身疾病及亚健康状态的干预局限。整体疗法以“生物-心理-社会-灵性”整合为核心理念，通过多维度协同调节恢复人体动态平衡。文章追溯其从古代整体医学雏形，历经近代边缘化与理论重构，到现代整合与循证化的发展历程；剖析生物-心理-社会医学模式、系统论、身心交互作用理论及自然疗愈理论四大理论支柱；并详细介绍涵盖生理调节、心理与认知调节、社会与环境干预、灵性与存在主义关怀等多维度的干预方法，为健康管理研究和实践提供参考。
关键词： 整体疗法；生物-心理-社会医学模式；系统论；身心交互作用；多维度干预
Abstract
Against the backdrop of the high specialization of modern medicine, the reductionist thinking characterized by "treating the head when the head aches and the foot when the foot hurts" has gradually exposed limitations in intervening in chronic diseases, psychosomatic diseases, and sub-health states. Holistic therapy takes the integration of "biology-psychology-society-spirituality" as its core concept and restores the dynamic balance of the human body through multi-dimensional coordinated regulation. This article traces its development process, from the embryonic form of ancient holistic medicine, through the marginalization and theoretical reconstruction in the modern era, to the integration and evidence-based development in the contemporary era; analyzes the four major theoretical pillars, namely the biopsychosocial medical model, general system theory, mind-body interaction theory, and natural healing theory; and elaborates on the multi-dimensional intervention methods covering physiological regulation, psychological and cognitive regulation, social and environmental intervention, as well as spiritual and existential care. It aims to provide references for health management research and practice.
Key words： Holistic therapy; Biopsychosocial medical model; System theory; Mind - body interaction; Multi - dimensional intervention
参考文献 References
[1] WHO. Holistic Health: A Framework for Integrative Care[R]. Geneva: WHO, 2020.
[2] Weil A. Spontaneous Healing: How to Enhance Your Body's Natural Ability to Heal Itself[M]. Knopf, 1995.
[3] Engel G L. The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine[J]. Science, 1977, 196(4286): 129-136.
[4] 田代华, 整理.黄帝内经 [M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2005.
[5] Lad V. The Science of Ayurveda: The Principles of Natural Healing[M]. Lotus Press, 2002.
[6] Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Corpus[M]. Loeb Classical Library, 1923.
[7] Engel G L. The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine[J]. Science, 1977, 196(4286): 129-136.
[8] 陈可冀.中西医结合医学导论 [M]. 北京:科学出版社,2011.
[9] National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Acupuncture: What You Need to Know[EB/OL]. (2022-05-10)[2025-07-29].
https://nccih.nih.gov/health/acupuncture.
[10] American Psychological Association. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders[J]. American Psychologist, 2017, 72(4): 350-390.
[11] McEwen B S. The Neurobiology of Stress and Disease[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2017, 376(20): 1950-1957.
[12] Bertalanffy L v. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications[M]. Braziller, 1968.
[13] Creswell J D, et al. Mindfulness meditation training effects on neuroendocrine, stress-related genomic and behavioral responses to psychological stress[J]. Psychoneuroen-docrinology, 2012, 37(9): 1745-1755.
[14] Selye H. The Stress of Life[M]. McGraw-Hill, 1956.
[15] Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)[J]. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 2018, 23(1): 2156587218755232.
[16] Trattner K. Natural Healing: The Complete Reference Guide to Alternative Medical Therapies[M]. Avery, 1999.
[17] Dunn G P, et al. Cancer immunoediting: From immunosurveillance to tumor escape[J]. Nature Immunology, 2004, 5(1): 989-998.
[18] Smith K, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mental Health[J]. Journal of Lipid Research, 2020, 61(12): 1770-1782.
[19] Clauw D J. Fibromyalgia: An Overview[J]. JAMA, 2014, 311(15): 1547-1555.
[20] National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Acupuncture: What You Need to Know[EB/OL]. (2022-05-10)[2025-07-29]. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/acupuncture.
[21] Lad V. The Science of Ayurveda: The Principles of Natural Healing[M]. Lotus Press, 2002.
[22] Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program[J]. Conferences in Integrative Medicine, 2013, 10(2): 123-131.
[23] Beck A T. Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Past, Present, and Future[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2011, 79(3): 276-284.
[24] White M, Epston D. Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends[M]. Norton, 1990.
[25] American Art Therapy Association. Art Therapy in Clinical Practice[R]. Alexandria, VA: AATA, 2019.
[26] Minuchin S. Family Therapy Techniques[M]. Harvard University Press, 1974.
[27] Li Q. Effect of Forest Bathing on Human Immune Function[J]. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 2018, 23(1): 1-8.
[28] Spiegel D, et al. Effect of Psychosocial Treatment on Survival of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer[J]. Lancet, 1989, 334(8668): 888-891.
[29] Balk D E, et al. Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. JAMA Oncology, 2021, 7(4): 533-540.
[30] Frankl V E. Man's Search for Meaning[M]. Simon & Schuster, 1946.